Quantum physicists unveil most ‘trustworthy’ random-number generator yet

The outcome of quantum experiments is intrinsically unpredictable. Now physicists have combined that feature with blockchain techniques to generate random numbers in a fully transparent process for the first time¹.

Public sources of random numbers are used for various applications, such as lotteries, jury-duty selection or the assignment of placebos in clinical trials. A process that not only produces numbers that are truly random, but does so in a trackable, verifiable way can add an extra layer of trustworthiness, say the researchers who developed the new system.

Their approach builds on a quantum-physics-based technique for generating random numbers that was first demonstrated in 2018² by physicists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Boulder, Colorado. It uses a device that produces pairs of photons that are entangled to each other, meaning that they share a common quantum state. The two photons are sent to two measuring stations 90 metres apart, where their polarizations are detected to produce a string of digital bits (0s and 1s).

The bits are truly random because quantum physics dictates that the photons are not in a well-defined polarization until they are detected, and that the outcome of that measurement is random. Crucially, the way the detections are done is chosen at random in each location independently: any coordination between the two locations would require signals to travel between them faster than the speed of light. The results are then independently checked by devices at the University of Colorado across town.

Tamper-proof process

In the latest upgrade to this system, described in Nature on 11 June, the team has made it possible for third parties to verify the process by time-logging every step in the measurement using blockchain techniques. The change means anyone who accesses the publicly available data would be able to see if the process had been tampered with.